Best of heart failure

8 in particular, classifies patients into rogressive worsening of symptoms t daily activities, and multiple hospi- ptimal HF therapy. Recurrent hospi- uropean EPICAL registry of more d that patients were admitted to the spent nearly 28 days per year in the ms at rest despite being on medical venous (IV) inotropic therapy, ven- lantation. Similarly, New York Heart nto class I–IV based on the severity noted by marked limitation of phys- hysical activity without discomfort, all into NYHA Class III–IV catego- ms of HF, it is imperative to find the F is extensive, some of the common ons, thyroid dysfunction, ischemia, and hypertension. Of note, however, ailure but no structural disease or nt but patient is asymptomatic nt along with symptoms apy and requiring advanced interventions f daily living without experiencing any ctivities of daily living ity triggers symptoms of HF g fatigue, inability to ambulate G. Murtaza and W. G. Cotts 36. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709–17. 37. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309–21. 38. Oh SW, Han SY. Loop diuretics in clinical practice. Electrolyte Blood Press. 2015;13(1): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.5049/EBP.2015.13.1.17. 39. De Bruyne LKM. Mechanisms and management of diuretic resistance in congestive heart failure. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79(931):268–71. https://doi.org/10.1146/pmj.79.931.268. 40. Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, et al. Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:797–805. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1005419. 41. Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuret ics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(6):675–83. 42. Bart BA, Goldsmith ST, Lee KL, et al. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failurewith cardiorenal syndrome. NEngl JMed. 2012;367:2296– 301. https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa1210357. 43. Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC, et al. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure. JAMA. 2007;297(12):1319–31. 44. O’Connor CM, Starling RC, Hernandez AF, et al. Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(8):773. 45. Strickberger SA, Conti J, Daoud EG, et al. Patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2005;111:2146–50. 46. Stevenson LW. Clinical use of inotropic therapy for heart failure: looking backward or forward?: Part II: chronic inotropic therapy. Circulation. 2003;108:492–7. 47. Tariq S, Aronow WS. Use of inotropic agents in treatment of systolic heart failure. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(12):29060–8. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijms161226147. 48. Gorodeski EZ, Chu EC, Reese JR, et al. Prognosis of chronic dobutamine or mirinone infusions for stage D heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:320–4. 49. LeMond L, Allen LA. Palliative care and hospice in advanced heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;54(2):168–78. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pcad.2011.03.012.