Best of heart failure

72 3. Solomon SD, Dobson J, Pocock S, Skali H, McMurray JJV, Granger CB, Yusuf S, Swedberg K, Young JB, Michelson EL, Pfeffer MA, for the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) Investigators (2007) Influence of nonfatal hospitalization for heart failure on subse quent mortality in patients w ith chronic heart failure. Circulation 116(13):1482 – 1487 4. Ramirez A, Abelmann WH (1974) Cardiac decompensation. NEJM 290(9):499 – 501 5. Peacock WF, Braunwald E, Abraham W, Albert N, Burnett J, Christenson R, Collins S, Diercks D, Fonarow G, Hollander J, Kellerman A, Gheorghiade M, Kirk D, Levy P, Maisel A, Massie BM, O'Connor C, Pang P, Shah M, Sopko G, Stevenson L, Storrow A, Teerlink J (2010) National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute working group on emergency department management of acute heart failure: research challenges and opportunities. JACC. 56(5): 343 – 351 6. Hamo CE, Butler J, Gheorghiade M, Chioncel O (2016) The bumpy road to drug development for acute heart failure. Eur Heart J Supp 18(Supplement G):G19 – G32 7. Gheorghiade M, Braunwald E (2011) A proposed model for initial assessment and management of acute heart failure syndromes. JAMA 305:1702 – 1703 8. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD et al (2016) ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37(27):2129 – 2200 9. Cleland JG, Pennel D, Ray S, Murray G, MacFarlane P, Cowley A, Coats A, Lahiri A (1999) The Carvedilol Hibernation Reversible Ischemia Trial: Marker of Success (CHRISTMAS). Eur J Heart Fail 1:191 – 196 10. Cleland JG, Pennell DJ, Ray SG, Coats AJ, Macfarlane PW, Murray GD, Mule JD, Vered Z, Lahiri A, Carvedilol hibernating reversible ischaemia trial: marker of success investigators, On be- half of the CHRISTMAS (Carvedilol Hibernating Reversible Ischaemia Trial: Maker of Success) investigators (2003) Myocardial viability as a determinant of the ejection fraction re- sponse to carvedilol in patients with heart failure (CHRISTMAS trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 362:14 – 21 11. Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, Gheorghiade M (2017) Finding the road to recovery: therapeutic and clinical trial implications of dys- functional viable myocardium in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 19(7):870 – 872 12. Adamsom PB, Magalski A, Braunschweig F et al (2003) Ongoing right ventricular hemodynamics in heart failure: clinical value of measurements derived form an implantable monitoring system. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:565 – 571 13. Zile MR, Bennett TD, St John Sutton M et al (2008) Transition from chronic compensated to acute decompensated heart failure: pathophysiological insights obtained from continuous monitoring of intracardiac pressures. Circulation 118(14):1433 – 1441 14. Stevenson LW, Perloff JK (1989) The limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic heart failure. JAMA 261:884 – 888 15. Gheorghiade M, Follath F, Ponikowski P, Barsuk JH, Blair JE, Cleland JG, Dickstein K, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Jaarsma T, Jondeau G, Sendon JL, Mebazaa A, Metra M, Nieminen M, Pang PS, Seferovic P, Stevenson LW, van Veldhuisen D, Zannad F, Anker SD, Rhodes A, McMurray J, Filippatos G, European Society of Cardiology, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (2010) Assessing and grading congestion in acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 12(5):423 – 433 16. Ambrosy AP, Khan H, Udelson JE, Mentz RJ, Chioncel O, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, Subacuis HP, Konstam MA, Swedberg K, Zannad F, Maggioni AP, Gheorghiade M, Butler J (2016) Changes in dyspnea status during hospitalization and post- discharge health-related quality of life in hospitalized patients with heart failure: findings from the EVEREST trial. Circ Heart Fail. 9: e002458 17. Pang PS, Collins SP, Sauser K, Andrei AC, Storrow AB, Hollander JE, Tavares M, Spinar J, Macarie C, Raev D, Nowak R, Gheorghiade M, Mebazaa A (2014) Assessment of dyspnea early in acute heart failure: patient characteristics and response differ- ences between Likert and visual analog scales. Acad Emerg Med 21(6):659 – 666 18. AbouEzzeddine OF, Lala A, Khazanie PP et al (2016) Evaluation of a provocative dyspnea severity score in acute heart failure. Am Heart J 172:34 – 41 19. McGee S, Abernethy WB, Simel DL (1999) The rational clinical examination. Is this patient hypovolemic? JAMA 281:1022 – 1029 20. Gheorghiade M, Follath F, Ponikowski P, Barsuk JH, Blair JE, Cleland JG, Dickstein K, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Jaarsma T, Jondeau G, Sendon JL, Mebazaa A, Metra M, Nieminen M, Pang PS, Seferovic P, Stevenson LW, van Veldhuisen D, Zannad F, Anker SD, Rhodes A, McMurray J, Filippatos G, European Society of Cardiology, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (2010) Assessing and grading congestion in acute heart failure: a scientific statement from the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Eur J Heart Fail 12:423 – 433 21. Felker GM, Cuculich PS, Gheorghiade M (2006) The Valsalva maneuver: a bedside ‘ biomarker ’ for heart failure. Am J Med 119: 117 – 122 22. Knowles JH, Gorlin R, Storey CF (1956) Clinical test for pulmonary congestion with use of the Valsalva maneuver. JAMA 160:44 – 48 23. Weilenmann D, Rickli H, Follath F, Kiowski W, Brunner-la Rocca HP (2002) Noninvasive evaluation of pulmonary capil- lary wedge pressure by BP response to the Valsalva maneuver. Chest 122:140 – 145 24. Binanay C, Califf RM, Hasselblad V, O'Connor CM, Shah MR, Sopko G, Stevenson LW, Francis GS, Leier CV, Miller LW, ESCAPE Investigators and ESCAPE Study Coordinators (2005) Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pul- monary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial. JAMA 294:1625 – 1633 25. Chioncel O, Collins SP, Greene SJ, Ambrosy AP, Vaduganathan M, Macarie C, Butler J, Gheorghiade M (2016) Natri uretic peptide- guided management in heart failure. J Cardiovasc Med 17(8): 556 – 568 26. Seino Y, Ogawa A, Yamashita T, Fukushima M, Ogata KI, Fukumoto H, Takano T (2004) Application of NT-proBNP and BNP measurements in cardiac care: a more discerning marker for the detection and evaluation of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 6(3): 295 – 300 27. Fonarow GC, Peacock WF, Phillips CO, Givertz MM, Lopatin M, ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators (2007) Admission B-type natriuretic peptide levels and in-hospital mortal- ity in acute decompensated heart failure. JACC. 49:1943 – 1950 28. Cohen-Solal A, Logeart D, Huang B, Cai D, Nieminen MS, Mebazaa A (2009) Lowered B-type natriuretic peptide in response to levosimendan or dobutamine treatment is associated with im- proved survival in patients with severe acutely decompensated heart failure. JACC 53(25):2343 – 2348 29. Ferre RM, Chioncel O, Pang PS, Lang RM, Gheorghiade M, Collins SP (2015) Acute heart failure: the role of focused emergen- cy cardiopulmonary ultrasound in identification and early manage- ment. Eur J Heart Fail 17:1223 – 1227 Heart Fail Rev (2018) 23:597 – 607 605 recommended to be increased after 2 – 4 weeks as tolerated to reach the target 97/103 mg twice daily. Sacubitril-valsartan should not be given concomitantly it ACE in ibitors due to risk for ngioedema, and ACE inhibitor treatment should be stopped for 36 h before starting treatment with ARNI. For patients with eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or moderate hepatic impairment, the starting dosage of ARNI is 24/26 mg twice daily and ARNI is n t recommended for patients with severe hepatic impairment [ 38 ]. With the results of the PARADIGM trial, several new rec- ommendations have been added to the 2017 Focused Update HF Guidelines. First, for patients who are not treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, the initial strategy of RAS inhibition can include either an ACE inhibitor or ARB or ARNI. The guidelines specify that the clinical strategy of inhibition of the RAS with ACE inhibitors (level of evidence: A), or ARBs (level of evidence: A), or ARNI (level of evidence: B – R) in conjunction with evidence-based beta-blockers and aldosterone antagonists in selected patients is recommended fo atients with chronic HFrEF to r duce morbidity and mortality [ 1 •• ]. In the 2017 Focused Update of HF Guidelines, in patients with chronic symptomatic HFrEF NYHA class II or III who tolerate an ACE inhibitor or ARB, replacement by an ARNI is recommended to further reduce morbidity and mortality [ 1 •• , 36 •• ]. In those patients who are being considered to be switched to ARNI from ACE inhibitors, it is very important to note that ARNI should not be administered concomitant y with ACE inhibitors or within 36 h of the last dose of an ACE inhibitor due to angioedema risk [ 1 •• , 35 ]. Similarly, ARNI should not be administered to patients with a history of angio- edema [ 1 •• ]. In the studies with combined neprilysin an ACE inhibition, blacks and smokers were particularly at risk for angioedema [ 35 ]. It is helpful for patients receiving ARNI to be educated about recognition of the symptoms of angioede- ma and to ale t health care providers against concomitant pre- scription of ACE inhibitors with ARNI. In a phase II trial in patients with heart failure with pre- served ejection fraction, LCZ696 reduced NT-proBNP to a greater extent than did val artan at 12 weeks and was well tolerated [ 39 ]. The efficacy and safety of ARNI in acute de- compensated HF, in advanced HF patients with NYHA class IV symptoms, or in patients with HF-PEF is unclear at this time and is being tested in large-scale trials. Ivabradine Ivabradine is a specific and selective inhibitor of the If ion channel. If ion channel (the fu ny current) is highly expressed in spontaneously active cardiac regions, such as the sinoatrial node, the AV node, and the Purkinje fibers. The funny current is a mixed Na/K current that activates upon hyperpolarization at voltages in the diastolic range, and controls the rate of spontaneous activity of sinoatrial myocytes, hence the cardiac rate [ 40 ]. In the Systolic HF treatment with the If inhibitor Ivabradine Trial (SHIFT), among HFrEF with normal sinus rhythm and a baseline heart rate ≥ 70 bpm despite treatment with beta-blockers, ivabradine treatment was associated with reduction in combined end point of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization when compared against placebo [ 41 •• ]. Interestingly, though the trial inte ded to recruit patients on target or maximally tolerat d doses of β -blockers, 26% of patients were on full-dose β -blockers. The treatment effect reflected a reduction only in the risk of hospitalization for worsening HF; there was no benefit observed for the mortality compone t of the primary end point [ 41 •• ]. Patients enrolled included a small number with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (< 40% of the time) but otherwise in sinus rhythm and a small number experiencing ventricular pacing but with a predomi- nant sinus rhythm [ 41 •• ]. Ivabradine patie ts had higher rates of symptomatic bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, and visual side effects (phosphenes) compared to placebo [ 41 •• ]. According to the FDA drug label, ivabradine is approved to reduce hospi- talization risk for worsening HF in pati nts with stable, symp- tomatic chronic HF with LVEF ≤ 35% in sinus rhythm with resting HR of ≥ 70 bpm or higher and on maximally tolerated doses of beta-blockers and is contraindicated for patients with acute decompensated HF, BP < 90/50 mmHg, patients with sick sinus syndrome, sinoatrial, or t ird-degree AV block [ 42 ]. In the 2017 Focused Update of HF Guidelines, iv bradine is identified as a treatment that can be beneficial to reduce HF hospitalization for patients with symptomatic (NYHA class II and III) stable chronic HFrEF (LVEF ≤ 35%) who are receiv- ing guideline-directed medical treatment, including a beta- blocker at maximum tolerated dose, and who are in sinus rhythm with a heart rate of ≥ 70 bpm at rest (class IIa recom- mendation, with level of evidence: B – R). It should be noted that the recommendation does not entail a stateme nt regarding mortality benefit. Contrary to the ESC Guidelines [ 43 ], in the 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of HF Guidelines, there is no recommendation for ivabradine in beta-blocker intolerant patients [ 1 •• ]. SHIFT trial w s not designed to examin the efficacy of ivabr dine in patients intolerant to bet -blockers. Efficacy and benefit of ivabradine in beta-blocker intolerant patients need to be tested in future trials. The current treatment strategies for management of patients with HF and reduced EF are summarized in Figs. 1 and 2 . Update on the Treatment of HFpEF Unfortunately there are no treatment strategies with proven benefit to reduce mortality in patients with HF with preserved EF. Current treatment strategies target treatment of the underly- ing etiology for HF-pEF and comorbidities. Thus, most of the recommendations that were present in 2013 AHA/ACC HF 39 Page 4 of 9 Curr Cardiol Rep (2018) 20: 39 Ruschitzka F, Maggioni AP, Filippatos G (2017) Epidemiol gy and one-year outc mes in patients with chronic heart failure and pre- s rved, mid-range nd reduced ejection fraction: an a aly is of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 19:1574 – 1585. https://d i.org/10.1002/ejhf.813 65. Adams JKF, Fonarow GC, Emerman CL, LeJemte TH, Costanzo MR, Abraham WT, Berkowitz RL, Galv o M, Horton DP (200 ) Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized fo heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, a d preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cas s i the Acu e Deco pensated He rt F lure National Registry (ADHERE). Am Heart J 149:209 – 216 66. Ments RJ, Kelly JP, von Lueder TG e al (2014) Noncar iac comor- bidit es in heart failure with reduced versus preserv d jection frac- tion. JACC. 64(21):2281 – 2293 67. Bahrami H, Bluemke DA, Kronmal R, Be to i AG, Lloyd-Jones DM, Shahar E, Szklo M, Lima JAC (2008) Novel metabolic risk factors f r incident heart failure a d their relationship w th obesity: the ME A (Multi-Ethnic S udy of Atherosclerosis) study. JACC. 51:1775 – 1783 68. Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Curtis PS, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Jones NP, Komajda M, McMurray JJV (2009) Rosiglitazone evaluated for ca diovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicenter, rand mized, open-label tri l. Lancet 373(9681):2125 – 2135 69. Scirica BM, Bhatt D, Braun ald E et al (2013) axagliptin and cardiova cular outcomes n patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (SAVOR-TIMI 53). NEJM 369:1317 – 1326 70. Grempler R, Thomas L, Eckhardt M, Himmelsbach F, Sauer , Sharp DE, Bakker RA, Mark M, Klein T, Eickelmann P (2012) Empagliflozin, a novel sele tive sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor: characterization and comparison with other SGLT-2 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab 14:83 – 90 71. Zinman B, Wann r C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerl HJ, Broedl UC, Inzucchi SE, EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigat rs (2015) Empagliflozin, cardiovascular o t omes a d m rt lity i type 2 diabetes. NEJM 373(22):2117 – 2128 72. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mah ff y KW, de ZeeuwD, Fulcher G, Erondu N, Sh w W, Law G, Desai M, Matthews DR, CANVAS Program Collaborative Gro p (2017) Canagliflozin and card ov scular and renal ev nts in type 2 diabetes. NEJM 377:644 – 657 73. Groenve d HF, Januzzi JL, Damman K, van W jngaarden J, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ, van der Meer P (2008) Anemia and mor- tality in heart failure patients: sy tematic review and meta-analy- sis. JACC. 52:818 – 827 74. Ta g YD, Katz SD (2006) A emia in chronic heart failure: preva- lence, etiology, clinical correlates, and treatment options. Circ. 113: 2454 – 2461 75. Jankowska EA, Rozentryt P, Witkowska A, Nowak J, H m nn O, Ponikow ka B, Borodulin-Nadzi ja L, Banas ak W, Polonsk L, Filippatos G, McMurra JJV, Anker SD, Ponikowski P (2010) Iron deficiency: an ominous sign in patients w th syst lic chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 31:1872 – 1880 76. Swedberg K, Young JB, Anand IS, Cheng S, Desai AS, Diaz R, Maggioni AP, cMurray J O'Connor C, feffe MA, Solomon SD, Sun Y, Tendera M, van Veldhuis n D, RED-HF Committee , RED- HF Investigators (2013) Treatment of anemia with darb poietin alfa in systolic heart failur . NEJM 368:1210 – 1219 77. Lewis G , Malhotra R, Hernandez A , McNulty SE, Smith A, Felk r GM, Tang WHW, LaRu SJ, Redfield MM, Semigran MJ, Givertz MM, van Buren P, Whellan D, Anstrom KJ, Shah MR, Desvigne-Nick ns P, Butler J, Braunwald E, for the NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network (2017) Effects of oral iron r - pletion on exercise capacity in patient with heart failure with reduc d ejection fr ction an i o deficiency. JAMA 317(19): 1958 – 1966 78. Ge asimos F, Dimitrios F, Comin C et al (2013) Intrav nous ferric carboxymaltose in iron-defcient chronic heart failure patients with a d without anaemia: a subanalysis of the FAIR-HF tria . Eur J He rt F il 15:1267 – 1276 79. Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, Ertl G, Kom jda M, Mareev V, McDonagh T, Parkhom nko A, Tavazzi L, Levesque V, Mori C, Roubert B, Filippatos G, Ru hitzka F, Anker SD, for the CONFIRM-HF Investigators (2015) Beneficial effects of long- term intravenous iron therapy wi h ferric carboxymaltose n patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency. Eur Heart J 36(11):657 – 668 80. van Velhuisen DJ, Ponikowski PI, van der Meer P et al (2017) Effect of ferric carboxymaltose on exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency. Circulation; CIRCULATIONAHA 117:02749 81. Greene SJ, Fonarow GC, Vaduganathan M, Khan SS, Butler J, Gheorghiade M (2015) The vulnerable phase after hospitalization for heart failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 12(4):220 – 229 82. Hernandez AF, Greiner MA, Fo arow GC, H mmill BG, Heidenreich PA, Yancy CW, Peterson ED, Curtis LH (2010) Relationship between early physician follow-up and 30-day read- mission among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for heart fail- ure. JAMA 303:1716 – 1722 83. Harinstein ME, Flaherty JD, Fonarow GC, Mehra MR, Lang RM, Kim RJ, Cleland JG, Knight BP, Pang PS, Bonow RO, Gheorghiade M (2011) Clinical assessment of acute heart failure syndromes: emergency department through the early post-discharge period. Heart 97:1607 – 1618 84. Green CP, Porter CB, Bresnahan DR, Spe tus JA (2000) Development and evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire: a new health status measure for heart failure. JACC. 35(5):1245 – 1255 85. Dai S et al (2016) Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Utility in prediction of 30 day readmission rate in patients with chronic heart failure. Cardiol Res Pract 2016(2016):4571201 86. Greene SJ, Maggioni AP, Fonarow GC et al (2015) Clinical profile and prognostic significance of natriuretic peptide trajectory follow- ing hospitalization for worsening chronic heart failure: findings from the ASTRONAUT trial. Eur J He rt Fail 17(1):98 – 108 87. Greene SJ, Butler J, F narow GC et l (2017) Pre-discharge and early post-discharge troponin elevation among patients hospitalized for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the ASTRONAUT trial. Eur J Heart Fail 20:281 – 291. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ejhf.1019 88. Metra M, Ghe rghiade M, Bonow RO, Dei Cas L (2010) Postdischarge assessment after a heart failure hospitalization: the next step forward. Circ 122:1782 – 1785 89. Flynn KE, Pina IL, Whellan DJ et al (2009) Effects of exercise training on health status in patients with chronic heart failure: HF- ACTION ra domized controlled trial. JAMA 301(14):1451 – 1459 90. Golwala H, Pandey A, Ju C, Butler J, Yancy C, Bhatt DL, Hernandez AF, Fonarow GC (2015) Temporal trends and factors associated with cardiac rehabilitation referral among atients hos- pitalized with heart failure findings from Get with the Guidelines — Heart Failure Registry. JACC. 66(8):917 – 926 91. Varnfield M, Karunanithi M, Le CK, Honeyman E, Arnold D, Ding H, Smith C, Walters DL (2014) Smartphone-bas home care m d l improved use of cardiac rehabilitation in post yocardial infarct on patients: results from a randomized controlled trial. Heart 100:1770 – 1779 92. Abraham Wet al (2011) Wi eless pulmonary artery ha modynamic monitoring in ch onic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 377:658 – 666 Heart Fail Rev (2018) 23:597 – 607 607